A peptide antagonist of the NMDA receptor
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Gly-Pro-Glu (trifluoroacetate salt)

Item No. 43926

Product Insert (PDF)Safety Data Sheet (SDS) (PDF)
Technical Information
Formal Name
glycyl-L-prolyl-L-glutamic acid, trifluoroacetate salt
Synonyms
  • Gly-Pro-Glu-OH
  • GPE
  • IGF-1 (1-3)
  • Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (1-3)
Molecular Formula
C12H19N3O6 • XCF3COOH
Formula Weight
301.3
Purity
≥98%
Formulation (Request formulation change)
A low-melting solid
Peptide Sequence
GPE-OH
Solubility(Learn about Variance in Solubility)
DMSO: Sparingly soluble: 1-10 mg/mlEthanol: Sparingly soluble: 1-10 mg/mlPBS pH 7.2: Sparingly soluble: 1-10 mg/ml
SMILES
O=C(N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)[C@@H]1CCCN1C(CN)=O.FC(F)(F)C(O)=O
InChi Code
InChI=1S/C12H19N3O6.C2HF3O2/c13-6-9(16)15-5-1-2-8(15)11(19)14-7(12(20)21)3-4-10(17)18;3-2(4,5)1(6)7/h7-8H,1-6,13H2,(H,14,19)(H,17,18)(H,20,21);(H,6,7)/t7-,8-;/m0./s1
InChi Key
WTPKUMSHSBJNGN-WSZWBAFRSA-N
Shipping & Storage Information
Storage
-20°C
Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere
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    5 mg

    $50

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    10 mg

    $103

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    25 mg

    $191

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    50 mg

    $324

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    Product Description

    Gly-Pro-Glu is a peptide antagonist of the NMDA receptor (IC50 = 170 µM).1 It potentiates potassium-induced release of acetylcholine (ACh; Item No. 23829) in rat cortical slices and dopamine (Item Nos. 36532 | 21992) in rat striatal slices when used at concentrations of 0.1 and 10 nM. Gly-Pro-Glu (100 µM) increases the proliferation of primary human Müller glial cells.2 It increases the proliferation of primary mouse embryonic neural stem cells and induces migration of the same cells in a wound healing assay when used at a concentration of 100 µM.3 Gly-Pro-Glu increases locomotor activity in the open field test in aged rats when administered during the neonatal period at a dose of 30 µg/animal for 12 days.4

    WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.

    References & Product Citations
    Product Description References

    1. Sara, V.R., Carlsson-Skwirut, C., Bergman, T., et al. Identification of Gly-Pro-Glu (GPE), the aminoterminal tripeptide of insulin-like growth factor 1 which is truncated in brain, as a novel neuroactive peptide. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 165(2), 766-771 (1989).

    2. Ikeda, T., Waldbillig, R.J., and Puro, D.G. Truncation of IGF-I yields two mitogens for retinal Müller glial cells. Brain Res. 686(1), 87-92 (1995).

    3. Almengló, C., Devesa, P., Devesa, J., et al. GPE promotes the proliferation and migration of mouse embryonic neural stem cells and their progeny in vitro. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18(6), 1280 (2017).

    4. Sara, V.R., Carlsson-Skwirut, C., Drakenberg, K., et al. The biological role of truncated insulin-like growth factor-1 and the tripeptide GPE in the central nervous system. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 692, 183-191 (1993).