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HAP-1 is a synovial fibroblast-targeting peptide.1 It has been conjugated to the antimicrobial peptide (KLAK)2 to generate a pro-apoptotic peptide, which decreases synovial leukocyte infiltration in a rabbit model of rheumatoid arthritis when administered intra-articularly. HAP-1 has also been conjugated to liposomes for the selective delivery of an NF-κB inhibitory peptide to inflamed synovium in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis.1
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1. Identification of Identification of a synovial fibroblast-