Hesperetin

Hesperetin is a flavonoid that has been found in citrus fruits and has diverse biological activities.^1,2,3,4,5 It reduces ApoB protein levels, ACAT2 expression, and LDL degradation in HepG2 cells when used at a concentrations ranging from 10 to 200 µM.¹ Hesperetin inhibits IgG-induced β-hexosaminidase release from RBL-2H3 cells (IC₅₀ = 0.099 mg/ml).² It inhibits LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and reduces levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-6, and IL-1β in BV-2 microglial cells.³ Hesperetin (5 mg/kg) inhibits passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice.² It reduces body weight loss, colon shortening, and ulcer severity in a mouse model of TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis.⁴ Hesperetin reduces cortical and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and increases time spent in the target quadrant in the Morris water maze in a mouse model of LPS-induced neuronal inflammation.⁵

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1. Wilcox, L.J., Borradaile, N.M., de Dreu, L.E., et al. Secretion of hepatocyte apoB is inhibited by the flavonoids, naringenin and hesperetin, via reduced activity and expression of ACAT2 and MTP. J. Lipid Res. 42(5), 725-734 (2001).

2. Lee, N.K., Choi, S.H., Park, S.H., et al. Antiallergic activity of hesperidin is activated by intestinal microflora. Pharmacology 71(4), 174-180 (2004).

3. Jo, S.H., Kim, M.E., Cho, J.H., et al. Hesperetin inhibits neuroinflammation on microglia by suppressing inflammatory cytokines and MAPK pathways. Arch. Pharm. Res. 42(8), 695-703 (2019).

4. He, W., Liu, M., Li, Y., et al. Flavonoids from Citrus aurantium ameliorate TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis through protecting colonic mucus layer integrity. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 857, 172456 (2019).

5. Muhammad, T., Ikram, M., Ullah, R., et al. Hesperetin, a citrus flavonoid, attenuates LPS-induced neuroinflammation, apoptosis and memory impairments by modulating TLR4/NF-κB signaling. Nutrients 11(3), 648 (2019).