GSK3β (Phospho-Ser⁹) Polyclonal Antibody

Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that has roles in numerous signaling pathways and cellular processes, including cell proliferation and survival, as well as neural development and plasticity.^1,2 It is composed of an N-terminal β-strand domain, a kinase domain, and a C-terminal α-helical domain.³ GSK3β is constitutively active, ubiquitously expressed, and localizes predominantly to the cytosol but is also found in the nucleus and mitochondria.^2,4 It is inhibited by phosphorylation at serine 9 (Ser⁹), which is mediated by a variety of kinases, including PKA, PKB, and Akt, and has roles in insulin, growth factor, and Wnt signaling pathways.² GSK3β is involved in several pathophysiological conditions, such as diabetes, cancer, inflammation, and neurological or psychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and bipolar disorder.^4,1 Levels of GSK3β (phospho-Ser⁹) are decreased in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in a rat model of memory impairment and are rescued by lithium.⁵ The overexpression of GSK3β with low levels of Ser⁹ phosphorylation is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDAC).⁶ However, GSK3β (phospho-Ser⁹) levels are increased in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells in vitro and in skin cancer tissues from patients with squamous cell carcinoma.⁷ Cayman's GSK3β (Phospho-Ser⁹) Polyclonal Antibody can be used for Western blot (WB) applications. The antibody recognizes GSK3β (phospho-Ser⁹) at ^~46 kDa from rat and mouse samples.

WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.

1. Yang, K., Chen, Z., Gao, J., et al. The key roles of GSK-3β in regulating mitochondrial activity. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 44(4), 1445-1459 (2017).

2. Krishnankutty, A., Kimura, T., Saito, T., et al. In vivo regulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β activity in neurons and brains. Sci. Rep. 7(1), 8602 (2017).

3. ter Haar, E., Coll, J.T., Austen, D.A., et al. Structure of GSK3β reveals a primed phosphorylation mechanism. Nat. Struct. Biol. 8(7), 593-596 (2001).

4. Beurel, E., Grieco, S.F., and Jope, R.S. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3): Regulation, actions, and diseases. Pharmacol. Ther. 148, 114-131 (2015).

5. Ponce-Lopez, T., Liy-Salmeron, G., Hong, E., et al. Lithium, phenserine, memantine and pioglitazone reverse memory deficit and restore phospho-GSK3β decreased in hippocampus in intracerebroventricular streptozotocin induced memory deficit model. Brain Res. 1426, 73-85 (2011).

6. Pecoraro, C., Faggion, B., Balboni, B., et al. GSK3β as a novel promising target to overcome chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. Drug Resist. Updat. 58, 100779 (2021).

7. Luo, J. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) in tumorigenesis and cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Lett. 273, 194-200 (2009).