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Gypenoside IX is a dammarane-type triterpene saponin that has been found in P. notoginseng.1 It prevents increases in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-6, and TNF-α levels, as well as phosphorylation of NF-κB, IκB, p38 MAPK, and Akt, induced by LPS and TNF-α in rat C6 glial cells when used at a concentration of 25 μM.2 In vivo, gypenoside IX (30 mg/kg per day) reduces LPS-induced increases in NF-κB, IκB, p38 MAPK, and Akt phosphorylation in mouse brain cortex.
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1. Structures of new dammarane-
2. Gypenoside IX suppresses p38 MAPK/Akt/NFκB signaling pathway activation and inflammatory responses in astrocytes stimulated by proinflammatory mediator. Inflammation 40(6), 2137-2150 (2017).