ERK1/2 (Phospho-Thr²⁰²/Tyr²⁰⁴) Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody (Clone RM451)

ERK1 and ERK2, also known as ERK1/2, are serine/threonine protein kinases and essential components of the MAP kinase signaling cascade.¹ They share 84% sequence homology and are each composed of a glycine-rich loop, hinge region, and protein kinase domain containing a catalytic HRD motif, activation segment, and kinase insert domain. ERK1/2 are ubiquitously expressed though ERK2 is expressed at higher levels than ERK1 and is predominant in the brain and hematopoietic cells.^2,3 Both isoforms localize to the cytosol anchored to MEK1/2.¹ Upon extracellular stimulation with mitogens, growth factors, or cytokines, the MAP kinase signaling cascade is initiated and terminates with dual phosphorylation of ERK1 and ERK2 in the activation segment's activation lip at Thr²⁰²/Tyr²⁰⁴ or Thr¹⁸⁵/Tyr¹⁸⁷, respectively, by MEK1/2.^4,5,1,6 Upon activation, ERK1/2 phosphorylate and activate substrates in the cytosol or various subcellular compartments, including the nucleus where they induce activation of transcription factors involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and the stress response.^7,8,4,5 Misregulation of the MAP kinase cascade drives development of various cancers.^4,5 Cayman's ERK1/2 (Phospho-Thr²⁰²/Tyr²⁰⁴) Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody (Clone RM451) can be used for immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot (WB) applications.

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1. Roskoski, R., Jr. ERK1/2 MAP kinases: Structure, function, and regulation. Pharm. Res. 66(2), 105-143 (2012).

2. Buscá, R., Pouysségur, J., and Lenormand, P. ERK1 and ERK2 map kinases: Specific roles or functional redundancy? Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 4, 53 (2016).

3. Vantaggiato, C., Formentini, I., Bondanza, A., et al. ERK1 and ERK2 mitogen-activated protein kinases affect Ras-dependent cell signaling differentially. J. Biol. 5(5), 14 (2006).

4. Santarpia, L., Lippman, S.L., and El-Naggar, A.K. Targeting the mitogen-activated protein kinase RAS-RAF signaling pathway in cancer therapy. Expert. Opin. Ther. Targets 16(1), 103-119 (2012).

5. Guo, Y.-J., Pan, W.-W., Liu, S.-B., et al. ERK/MAPK signalling pathway and tumorigenesis. Exp. Ther. Med. 19(3), 1997-2007 (2020).

6. Buscá, R., Pouysségur, J., and Lenormand, P. ERK1 and ERK2. Encyclopedia of signaling molecules (2018).

7. Lenormand, P., Brondello, J.-M., Brunet, A., et al. Growth factor-induced p42/p44 MAPK nuclear translocation and retention requires both MAPK activation and neosynthesis of nuclear anchoring proteins. J. Cell Biol. 142(3), 625-633 (1998).

8. Brunet, A., Roux, D., Lenormand, P., et al. Nuclear translocation of p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase is required for growth factor-induced gene expression and cell cycle entry. EMBO J. 18(3), 664-674 (1999).