Human fibrinogen that has been citrullinated using PAD4
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Human Fibrinogen (PAD4 Citrullinated)

Item No. 400076

Product Insert (PDF)Safety Data Sheet (SDS) (PDF)
Technical Information
Purity
Homogeneous by SDS-PAGE. Clottable proteins: ≥90%
Source
Fibrinogen, purified from human plasma, that has been shown by certified tests to be negative for HBsAg and for antibodies to HIV and HCV. Citrullinated with human recombinant PAD4
MW
Uncitrullinated fibrinogen: α chain isoform 1 (95 kDa), α chain isoform 2 (69.8 kDa), β chain (55.9 kDa) and isoform γ-B chain (51.5 kDa)
Formulation (Request formulation change)
Frozen solution with 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 150 mM sodium chloride, and 10% glycerol
Shipping & Storage Information
Storage
-80°C
Shipping
Dry ice in continental US; may vary elsewhere
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    1 mg

    $600

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    Product Description

    Fibrinogen is a plasma clotting factor composed of three different polypeptide chains (α, β and γ). Under chronic inflammatory conditions, fibrinogen can be acted upon by the enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), converting specific arginine residues to citrulline. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) produce antibodies that bind citrullinated human fibrinogen.1 The citrullinated fibrinogen and reactive antibodies form immune complexes in RA patients, and these immune complexes can stimulate macrophages.2,3 Recently, it has been discovered that immunizing certain strains of mice with citrullinated human fibrinogen can induce the production of anti-citrullinated human fibrinogen antibodies and the development of arthritis that shares many pathophysiological features of the human disease.4,5

    WARNING This product is not for human or veterinary use.

    References & Product Citations
    Product Description References

    1. Hill, J.A., Al-Bishri, J., Gladman, D.D., et al. Serum autoantibodies that bind citrullinated fibrinogen are frequently found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 33(11), 2115-2119 (2006).

    2. Zhao, X., Okeke, N.L., Sharpe, O., et al. Circulating immune complexes contain citrullinated fibrinogen in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res. Ther. 10(4), R94 (2008).

    3. Sokolove, J., Zhao, X., Chandra, P.E., et al. Immune complexes containing citrullinated fibrinogen costimulate macrophages via toll-like receptor 4 and Fcγ receptor. Arthritis Rheum. 63(1), 53-62 (2011).

    4. Hill, J.A., Bell, D.A., Brintnell, W., et al. Arthritis induced by posttranslationally modified (citrullinated) fibrinogen in DR4-IE transgenic mice. J. Exp. Med. 205(4), 967-979 (2008).

    5. Yue, D., Brintnell, W., Mannik, L.A., et al. CTLA-4Ig blocks the development and progression of citrullinated fibrinogen-induced arthritis in DR4-transgenic mice. Arthritis Rheum. 62(10), 2941-2952 (2010).

    Product Citations

    Moon, J.-S., Younis, S., Ramadoss, N.S., et al. Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells target citrullinated antigens in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat. Commun. 14(1), 319 (2023).

    Trela, M., Perera, S., Sheeran, T., et al. Citrullination facilitates cross-reactivity of rheumatoid factor with non-IgG1 Fc epitopes in rheumatoid arthritis. Sci. Rep. 9, 12068 (2019).