FORENSIC & TOXICOLOGY REFERENCE STANDARDS

Wood, R., Moore, R., and Iula, D. The detection of N-propionitrile orphine in a urine sample. J. Anal. Toxicol. 50(5), bkag024 (2026).

Vandeputte, M.M., Glatfelter, G.C., Walther, D., et al. Characterization of novel nitazene recreational drugs: Insights into their risk potential from in vitro µ-opioid receptor assays and in vivo behavioral studies in mice. Pharmacol. Res. 210, 107503 (2024).

Vandeputte, M.M., Bilel, S., Tirri, M., et al. Elucidating the harm potential of brorphine analogues as new synthetic opioids: Synthesis, in vitro, and in vivo characterization. Neuropharmacology 260, 110113 (2024).

De Vrieze, L.M., Walton, S.E., Pottie, E., et al. In vitro structure-activity relationships and forensic case series of emerging 2-benzylbenzimidazole “nitazene” opioids. Arch. Toxicol. 98(9), 2999-3018 (2024).

Janssens, L.K., Van Uytfanghe, K., Williams, J.B., et al. Investigation of the intrinsic cannabinoid activity of hemp-derived and semisynthetic cannabinoids with β-arrestin2 recruitment assays—and how this matters for the harm potential of seized drugs. Arch. Toxicol. (2024).

Pitterl, F., Pavlic, M., Liu, J., et al. Insights into the human metabolism of hexahydrocannabinol by non-targeted liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Toxicol. bkae022 (2024).

Varshneya, N.B., Hassanien, S.H., Holt, M.C., et al. Fentanyl analog structure-activity relationships demonstrate determinants of diverging potencies for antinociception and respiratory depression. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 226, 173572 (2023).

Varshneya, N.B., Hassanien, S.H., Holt, M.C., et al. Respiratory depressant effects of fentanyl analogs are opioid receptor-mediated. Biochem. Pharmacol. 195, 114805 (2022).

Vandeputte, M.M., Van Uytfanghe, K., Layle, N.K., et al. Synthesis, chemical characterization, and µ-opioid receptor activity assessment of the emerging group of "nitazene" 2-benzylbenzimidazole synthetic opioids. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 12(7), 1241-1251 (2021).

Hassanien, S.H., Bassman, J.R., Perrien Naccarato, C.M., et al. In vitro pharmacology of fentanyl analogs at the human mu opioid receptor and their spectroscopic analysis. Drug Test. Anal. 12(8), 1212-1221 (2020).

Tyndall, J.A., Gerona, R., De Portu, G., et al. An outbreak of acute delirium from exposure to the synthetic cannabinoid AB-CHMINACA. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila) 53(10), 950-956 (2015).

Patton, A.L., Seely, K.A., Pulla, S., et al. Quantitative measurement of acetyl fentanyl and acetyl norfentanyl in human urine by LC-MS/MS. Anal. Chem. 86(13), 1760-1766 (2014).

Seely, K.A., Patton, A.L., Moran, C.L., et al. Forensic investigation of K₂, Spice, and "bath salt" commercial preparations: A three-year study of new designer drug products containing synthetic cannabinoid, stimulant, and hallucinogenic compounds. Forensic Sci. Int. 233(1-3), 416-422 (2013).

Patton, A.L., Seely, K.A., Chimalakonda, K.C., et al. Targeted metabolomic approach for assessing human synthetic cannabinoid exposure and pharmacology. Anal. Chem. 85(19), 9390-9399 (2013).

Seely, K.A., Brents, L.K., Radominska-Pandya, A., et al. A major glucuronidated metabolite of JWH-018 is a neutral antagonist at CB₁ receptors. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 25(4), 825-827 (2012).

Chimalakonda, K.C., Seely, K.A., Bratton, S.M., et al. Cytochrome P450-mediated oxidative metabolism of abused synthetic cannabinoids found in K₂/Spice: Identification of novel cannabinoid receptor ligands. Drug Metab. Dispos. 40(11), 2174-2184 (2012).

Moran, C.L., Le, V.H., Chimalakonda, K.C., et al. Quantitative measurement of JWH-018 and JWH-073 metabolites excreted in human urine. Anal. Chem. 83(11), 4228-4236 (2011).

Chimalakonda, K.C., Moran, C.L., Kennedy, P.D., et al. Solid-phase extraction and quantitative measurement of omega and omega-1 metabolites of JWH-018 and JWH-073 in human urine. Anal. Chem. 83(16), 6381-6388 (2011).