• Mass Spectrum of Etonitazene and Tips for Interpretation
• Common Mass Spec Fragments
• Common Nitazene Naming Conventions
• Nitazene Metabolism
  

LSD is the classic member of psychedelic lysergamides. Structural modifications to three main regions of the LSD scaffold have resulted in the emergence of new lysergamides entering the novel psychoactive substances (NPS) market.

To support toxicologists and forensic chemists tasked with the identification of these drugs, this poster describes the common naming conventions used for lysergamides and presents common lysergamide substitutions, fragments, and tips for mass spectrometry interpretation to help the forensic community decipher the structure of new lysergamides.

In this guide for lysergamide identification and naming, we review:

• Common lysergamide substitutions
  
• Common lysergamide MS fragments
• Proposed mechanism for some fragments
• Mass spectrum of 1P-LSD and tips for interpretation

Review the list of primary resources used to collate this guide here.

To cite this poster: Watson-Gooden, C., Pierzynski, H., Iula, D.M., and Hering, K.W. Laboratory Guide for Lysergamide Identification and Naming. September 2023.

The cathinone eutylone was first detected in Europe in 2014 and later reported in the US in 2018. Eutylone has since become one of the most prevalent synthetic stimulants identified in forensic casework, and new substituted cathinones continue to emerge on the NPS market. Inconsistent and unstandardized naming of designer drugs in the cathinone structural class presents unique challenges to various stakeholders tasked with the identification of these drugs. In an effort towards clearer communication within the field, this poster describes the common naming conventions used in literature and establishes a standardized approach to naming modifications of the cathinone core structure. Common cathinone fragments, tips for mass spectrometry interpretation, and common substitutions are also presented to help the forensic community decipher the structure of new designer cathinones.  

In this laboratory guide for drug identification and naming, we cover:

• Common Substitutions
• Mass Spectrum of Eutylone and Tips for Interpretation
• Common Mass Spec Fragments
• A Standardized Alkylphenone Naming System
• Other Common Naming Conventions
  

Updated March 2025

Ferroptosis is a type of cell death driven by iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation and regulated by multiple cellular pathways, including redox homeostasis, iron handling, and mitochondrial activity, that has been associated with various pathophysiologies. Ferroptosis-inducing factors can directly or indirectly affect glutathione peroxidase or the ferroptosis suppressor protein, resulting in a decrease in antioxidant capacity and accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells. This poster summarizes the current understanding of the mechanisms of induction and suppression underlying this cell death process.

Read the article Ferroptosis: Detecting a new form of cell death and download the Ferroptosis Research Tools brochure for additional information on known inducers and suppressors of this cell death pathway.

In this guide for synthetic cannabinoid metabolism we review:

• The Phase I Metabolite Biotransformation Pathway
  
• Metabolites of Amide-, Ester-, and Carbonyl-Linked Head Group Classes of Synthetic Cannabinoids
  
• Typical Synthetic Cannabinoid Metabolism Patterns
  

In this guide for benzodiazepine metabolism we review:

• The Phase I and Phase II Metabolite Biotransformation Pathway
  
• Likely Metabolites of 7-Halogenated-, 7-Nitro-, Thieno-, and Triazolo- Classes of Benzodiazepines
  
• Half-Life of Common Benzodiazepines
  
• Benzodiazepine Prodrugs
  

With the recent passing of DEA Drug Code 9850, there has been an increase in the number of U-type opioids being found in street drugs. Also known as U-drugs or U-compounds, utopioids are characterized by a trans-cyclohexanediamine moiety and their substituted phenyl ring, linked together by an amide carbonyl group.

In this guide for drug identification, naming, and metabolism:

• Common EI-GC-MS Utopioid Fragments
  
• Mass Spectrum of U-47700 and Tips for Interpretation
  
• Halogen Isotope Patterns
  
• Utopioid Naming Conventions
  
• Utopioid Metabolism
  

The basic fentanyl scaffold can be modified in four different regions leading to a myriad of new fentanyl varieties. Cayman's scientists have developed this laboratory guide for bench chemists and toxicologists to help identify novel fentanyl analogs.

• Common Synthetic Cannabinoid Mass Spec Fragments
  
• Mass Spectrum of MMB-FUBINACA and Tips for Interpretation
  
• Synthetic Cannabinoid Naming Conventions by Head, Core, and Tail Groups
  

A number of processes including calcium "pulses", mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis and repair sustain healthy mitochondria in the cell. A failure in any of these functions of "healthy" mitochondria can promote mitochondrial dysfunction and the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and cellular dysfunction. Reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial permeability transition are some of the effects of "sick" mitochondria. 

Featured in the Cell Press Supplement - Cell Press Selections: Mitochondria.